The Spanish civil war;Never forget

　　西班牙內戰;銘記于心

　　A dark time in history finally comes to light

　　一段黑暗史總將真相大白

　　In need of a truth commission

　　需要真相委員會

　　The Spanish Holocaust: Inquisition andExtermination in Twentieth-Century Spain. By PaulPreston. ;

　　《西班牙大屠殺》：二十世紀西班牙的審與殺;保羅普雷斯頓著;

　　The Spanish civil war and its repressive aftermath, following the victory of General FranciscoFranco, was a particularly savage conflict. But it is far-fetched to describe it as aholocaust, as Paul Preston does in his latest book. His provocative title raised eyebrowswhen it was published in Spain last year, as the country s horrors still pale in comparisonwith the magnitude of the Nazi Holocaust. Mr Preston, an emeritus professor at the LondonSchool of Economics and leading historian of 20th-century Spain, contends that no other wordaptly conveys the whole of the Spanish tragedy, which included a strain of anti-Semitism.Thankfully he exercises better judgment within the covers of this meticulous and well-argued book.

　　西班牙內戰以及殖民軍首領弗朗西斯科?佛朗哥取得勝利后的強力鎮壓是一次特別野蠻的沖突。但是在保羅普雷斯頓最新著作中將其描述成大屠殺有些過于牽強。這本書去年在西班牙發行的時候頗具煽動性的題目令人驚奇，但是相比于納粹大屠殺的程度，這個國家的恐怖行動仍顯得蒼白暗淡。保羅普雷斯頓是倫敦經濟學院榮譽退休教授而且還是20世紀中葉西班牙歷史的權威學家。他認為找不到一個更恰當的詞來表達西班牙的整個悲劇，其中包括反猶太主義。他之前的判斷有誤，幸好這本書的內容還算合情合理。

　　Mr Preston puts the number of those who died in battle at 200,000, after Nationalist militaryrebels rose against the democratically elected Republican government in 1936. He countsan additional 150,000 murders by the right-wing Nationalistsplus 20,000 more after thecivil war ended in 1939and a further 50,000 killings in areas held by Republicans.

　　保羅普雷斯頓指出，民族主義軍事反政府武裝在1936年發動了針對選舉的軍事叛亂，戰場上死亡的人數達到了20萬。保羅普雷斯頓統計于右翼民族黨殘殺的15萬人和共和黨殺害的另外5萬人。

　　The book is largely based on secondary sources. Victims in the Republican zone weredocumented by the state investigation set up in 1940. But the sheer scale of the atrocitiescommitted on the other side have come to light only recently, in a flood of books andexhumations of mass graves. A proper reckoning of the war had been avoided by thegeneration of politicians who followed Franco s death in 1975, to smooth the transition todemocracy. Yet the past decade has seen various groups, often led by the relatives ofRepublican victims, unearthing the pastoften literally.

　　這本書的素材來源很大程度上是二手的。共和黨區的受害者信息記載于1940年建立的國家調查組的文獻中。但是在另一邊大規模的殘暴罪行最近才得以顯露，這得益于大量的書籍以及大量墓地的開掘。1975年佛朗哥死后的一代政治家回避了這場戰爭的評論，為了國家順利過渡到民主主義社會。然而，近十年我們可以看到各種共和黨受害者的家屬組成的團體時常揭露事實真相。

　　In a recent trial in Madrid against Baltasar Garzn, Spain s most famous magistrate,relatives of slain victims aired their stories for the first time. Mr Garzn was charged withabusing his powers by calling an investigation into the deaths of 114,000 people underFranco s dictatorship, despite a 1977 amnesty law. He was ultimately absolved of thischarge, but in another case last month the conservative judiciary barred Mr Garzn fromthe bench for 11 years, thus ending his career.

　　在馬德里最近的一次針對西班牙最有名的法官巴爾塔薩加爾松的審判中，內戰中受害者的親屬第一次講述了他們受害人的故事。加爾松被控告不顧1977年的大赦律法，濫用私權號召一個關于佛朗哥的獨裁統治下那11.4萬人的死亡情況的調查。他最后還是在這次控告中得到了赦免，但是上個月的另一個案子中，保守的司法禁止法官加爾松11年內不得再入法官席，因此就這樣結束了他的職業生涯。

　　Mr Preston does not hide his loathing of the rebels and empathy for the left. He argues withimpressive detail that the repression by the Nationalists was largely planned andinstitutionalised, whereas the Republicans violence was more spontaneous and mainly indefence against the better armed and trained Francoist forces. Other scholars say that thisview is too simplistic. The author is on new and firmer ground in his examination of the roleplayed by the NKVD, the Soviet secret police, particularly in the massacre of hundreds ofFranco supporters at Paracuellos in 1936. Santiago Carrillo, a communist leader at the timeand the only war protagonist alive today, has always claimed he had nothing to do with thekillings, and has never been charged. Yet Mr Preston argues otherwise, citing his ties withJosif Grigulevich, a sinister NKVD agent.

　　保羅普雷斯頓一書中并沒有回避他對叛亂分子的厭惡和對左翼共和黨的同情。保羅普雷斯頓以令人印象深刻的細節描述有利論證了民族黨派的鎮壓很大程度上是有計劃且被制度化的，然而，共和黨的暴力更多是自發地出于抵御先進的武器裝備和佛朗哥特訓過的部隊。其他學者稱這樣的評論過于簡單化了。本書作者在新的領域里審查蘇聯秘密警察組織所扮演的角色，尤其是1936年，在馬德里Paracuellos在內務部的摻和下，共和派對佛朗哥同情者的鎮壓。圣地亞哥 卡里略是當時的一位共產黨領袖，如今唯一活著的戰爭領導人，現總是聲稱他與屠殺無關，從來也沒有被控罪。然而保羅普雷斯頓認為他和那個NKVD內務部特工有聯系。

　　The Spanish Holocaust is a compelling chronicle of a grim time in history. It would be apity if the book s dubious title discouraged a wider readership.

　　《The Spanish Holocaust》是一本令人信服的殘酷編年史。如果這本書可疑的書名使得廣泛地讀者群沮喪的話那真是個遺憾。

　　The Spanish civil war;Never forget

　　西班牙內戰;銘記于心

　　A dark time in history finally comes to light

　　一段黑暗史總將真相大白

　　In need of a truth commission

　　需要真相委員會

　　The Spanish Holocaust: Inquisition andExtermination in Twentieth-Century Spain. By PaulPreston. ;

　　《西班牙大屠殺》：二十世紀西班牙的審與殺;保羅普雷斯頓著;

　　The Spanish civil war and its repressive aftermath, following the victory of General FranciscoFranco, was a particularly savage conflict. But it is far-fetched to describe it as aholocaust, as Paul Preston does in his latest book. His provocative title raised eyebrowswhen it was published in Spain last year, as the country s horrors still pale in comparisonwith the magnitude of the Nazi Holocaust. Mr Preston, an emeritus professor at the LondonSchool of Economics and leading historian of 20th-century Spain, contends that no other wordaptly conveys the whole of the Spanish tragedy, which included a strain of anti-Semitism.Thankfully he exercises better judgment within the covers of this meticulous and well-argued book.

　　西班牙內戰以及殖民軍首領弗朗西斯科?佛朗哥取得勝利后的強力鎮壓是一次特別野蠻的沖突。但是在保羅普雷斯頓最新著作中將其描述成大屠殺有些過于牽強。這本書去年在西班牙發行的時候頗具煽動性的題目令人驚奇，但是相比于納粹大屠殺的程度，這個國家的恐怖行動仍顯得蒼白暗淡。保羅普雷斯頓是倫敦經濟學院榮譽退休教授而且還是20世紀中葉西班牙歷史的權威學家。他認為找不到一個更恰當的詞來表達西班牙的整個悲劇，其中包括反猶太主義。他之前的判斷有誤，幸好這本書的內容還算合情合理。

　　Mr Preston puts the number of those who died in battle at 200,000, after Nationalist militaryrebels rose against the democratically elected Republican government in 1936. He countsan additional 150,000 murders by the right-wing Nationalistsplus 20,000 more after thecivil war ended in 1939and a further 50,000 killings in areas held by Republicans.

　　保羅普雷斯頓指出，民族主義軍事反政府武裝在1936年發動了針對選舉的軍事叛亂，戰場上死亡的人數達到了20萬。保羅普雷斯頓統計于右翼民族黨殘殺的15萬人和共和黨殺害的另外5萬人。

　　The book is largely based on secondary sources. Victims in the Republican zone weredocumented by the state investigation set up in 1940. But the sheer scale of the atrocitiescommitted on the other side have come to light only recently, in a flood of books andexhumations of mass graves. A proper reckoning of the war had been avoided by thegeneration of politicians who followed Franco s death in 1975, to smooth the transition todemocracy. Yet the past decade has seen various groups, often led by the relatives ofRepublican victims, unearthing the pastoften literally.

　　這本書的素材來源很大程度上是二手的。共和黨區的受害者信息記載于1940年建立的國家調查組的文獻中。但是在另一邊大規模的殘暴罪行最近才得以顯露，這得益于大量的書籍以及大量墓地的開掘。1975年佛朗哥死后的一代政治家回避了這場戰爭的評論，為了國家順利過渡到民主主義社會。然而，近十年我們可以看到各種共和黨受害者的家屬組成的團體時常揭露事實真相。

　　In a recent trial in Madrid against Baltasar Garzn, Spain s most famous magistrate,relatives of slain victims aired their stories for the first time. Mr Garzn was charged withabusing his powers by calling an investigation into the deaths of 114,000 people underFranco s dictatorship, despite a 1977 amnesty law. He was ultimately absolved of thischarge, but in another case last month the conservative judiciary barred Mr Garzn fromthe bench for 11 years, thus ending his career.

　　在馬德里最近的一次針對西班牙最有名的法官巴爾塔薩加爾松的審判中，內戰中受害者的親屬第一次講述了他們受害人的故事。加爾松被控告不顧1977年的大赦律法，濫用私權號召一個關于佛朗哥的獨裁統治下那11.4萬人的死亡情況的調查。他最后還是在這次控告中得到了赦免，但是上個月的另一個案子中，保守的司法禁止法官加爾松11年內不得再入法官席，因此就這樣結束了他的職業生涯。

　　Mr Preston does not hide his loathing of the rebels and empathy for the left. He argues withimpressive detail that the repression by the Nationalists was largely planned andinstitutionalised, whereas the Republicans violence was more spontaneous and mainly indefence against the better armed and trained Francoist forces. Other scholars say that thisview is too simplistic. The author is on new and firmer ground in his examination of the roleplayed by the NKVD, the Soviet secret police, particularly in the massacre of hundreds ofFranco supporters at Paracuellos in 1936. Santiago Carrillo, a communist leader at the timeand the only war protagonist alive today, has always claimed he had nothing to do with thekillings, and has never been charged. Yet Mr Preston argues otherwise, citing his ties withJosif Grigulevich, a sinister NKVD agent.

　　保羅普雷斯頓一書中并沒有回避他對叛亂分子的厭惡和對左翼共和黨的同情。保羅普雷斯頓以令人印象深刻的細節描述有利論證了民族黨派的鎮壓很大程度上是有計劃且被制度化的，然而，共和黨的暴力更多是自發地出于抵御先進的武器裝備和佛朗哥特訓過的部隊。其他學者稱這樣的評論過于簡單化了。本書作者在新的領域里審查蘇聯秘密警察組織所扮演的角色，尤其是1936年，在馬德里Paracuellos在內務部的摻和下，共和派對佛朗哥同情者的鎮壓。圣地亞哥 卡里略是當時的一位共產黨領袖，如今唯一活著的戰爭領導人，現總是聲稱他與屠殺無關，從來也沒有被控罪。然而保羅普雷斯頓認為他和那個NKVD內務部特工有聯系。

　　The Spanish Holocaust is a compelling chronicle of a grim time in history. It would be apity if the book s dubious title discouraged a wider readership.

　　《The Spanish Holocaust》是一本令人信服的殘酷編年史。如果這本書可疑的書名使得廣泛地讀者群沮喪的話那真是個遺憾。