一、猜詞技巧與英語四級(jí)備考

　　猜詞技巧是一種學(xué)習(xí)策略，即學(xué)習(xí)方法。猜詞技巧是外語詞匯學(xué)習(xí)的一種主要的學(xué)習(xí)策略。在教學(xué)中如何引導(dǎo)學(xué)生掌握猜詞技巧對(duì)于提高他們的外語專業(yè)素質(zhì)和學(xué)習(xí)效果舉足輕重。國外研究表明，擴(kuò)充外語或母語詞匯量的一種行之有效的方法為猜詞技巧。對(duì)此，有來自兩方面的研究為我們提供了客觀依據(jù)。一種為推斷性研究。據(jù)調(diào)查，母語為英語的孩子到12年級(jí)時(shí)掌握閱讀詞匯量40 000 單詞，而三年級(jí)學(xué)生僅掌握5 000-10 000個(gè)單詞。這表明，孩子平均每年掌握約3 000閱讀詞匯，或每天掌握8-10詞。事實(shí)上，此類調(diào)查研究很多，而且，統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果不一。然而，有一點(diǎn)毋庸質(zhì)疑，即孩子所掌握的大量詞匯不是來自課堂教學(xué)，也不是通過自學(xué)庫，而是通過課外閱讀猜詞獲得。

　　另一種研究是通過實(shí)驗(yàn)。讓一組受試閱讀含有生詞的短文，然后，或隔一段時(shí)間后，檢測(cè)其生詞的掌握情況。結(jié)果表明，英語為母語的孩子以這種閱讀方式平均每年掌握1 500單詞，其數(shù)量數(shù)倍于在課堂或通過自學(xué)庫所學(xué)的詞匯量。因此，猜詞技巧被視為擴(kuò)大詞匯量的主要媒介，因?yàn)槲覀兊哪刚Z詞匯大半是通過上下文猜測(cè)詞義而獲得。

　　猜詞技巧

　　猜測(cè)詞義時(shí)，我們可利用以下線索：

　　1. 針對(duì)性解釋

　　在文章中，作者有時(shí)為了更好地闡述思想，對(duì)一些重要的概念、難懂的術(shù)語或其他詞匯做一些針對(duì)性的解釋，形式有定義、復(fù)述、舉例等。這些解釋提供的信息具有明確的針對(duì)性，把該單詞含義與其他含義區(qū)分開來，利用它們我們可以比較容易地猜測(cè)詞義。

　　1)根據(jù)定義猜測(cè)詞義

　　作者一般在生詞之前后之后緊挨著生詞給出定義內(nèi)容。有時(shí)有標(biāo)點(diǎn)符合，連字符或逗號(hào)提示。此外，如果定義內(nèi)容為句子，謂語動(dòng)詞多為：be, be considered, to be, be called, be kown as, constitute, deal with, define, mean, refer to, represent, signify等。

　　這類線索一般很明顯，學(xué)習(xí)者能比較容易地發(fā)現(xiàn)。

　　例如：

　　Anthropology is the scientific study of people, society and culture.

　　由定義可知，anthropology就是研究人類的科學(xué)。

　　2)根據(jù)復(fù)述猜測(cè)詞義

　　復(fù)述也是對(duì)某一單詞所做的針對(duì)性解釋，雖然不像定義那樣嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、詳細(xì)，但是提供的信息也能使我們猜出生詞的詞義。復(fù)述部分可能是單詞、短語或者從句，一般作為生詞的同位語，與生詞間多用逗號(hào)連接，有時(shí)也使用破折號(hào)，冒號(hào)，分號(hào)，引號(hào)和括號(hào)等。同位語前常有or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, say, i. e.等副詞或短語出現(xiàn)。

　　例如：

　　Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently.

　　此例逗號(hào)中短語意為對(duì)詞意義進(jìn)行研究的學(xué)科。該短語與前面生詞semantics是 同位關(guān)系，因此我們不難猜出semantics指語義學(xué)。

　　定語從句 Krabacber suffers from SAD, which is short for seasonal affective disorder, a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings.

　　根據(jù)生詞SAD后面定語從句which is short for seasonal affective disorder和同位語a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings, 我們可以推斷出SAD含義，即季節(jié)性情緒紊亂癥。

　　3)根據(jù)舉例猜測(cè)詞義

　　恰當(dāng)?shù)呐e例能夠提供猜測(cè)生詞的重要線索。

　　如：The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area as they were in the past.

　　句中戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和重大科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)是生詞的實(shí)例，通過它們我們可以猜出epochal的 大致詞義重要的，這與其確切含義劃時(shí)代的十分接近。

　　4)內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系

　　根據(jù)內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系推測(cè)詞義是指運(yùn)用語言知識(shí)分析和判斷相關(guān)信息之間存在的邏輯關(guān)系,然后根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系推斷生詞詞義或大致義域。

　　5)根據(jù)對(duì)比關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義

　　在一個(gè)句子或段落中，有對(duì)兩個(gè)事物或現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行對(duì)比性的描述，我們可以根據(jù)生詞或難詞的反義詞猜測(cè)其詞義。表示對(duì)比關(guān)系的詞匯和短語主要是although, but, despite, however, not, unlike, in spite of, in contrast和while引導(dǎo)的并列句等。

　　例如：Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother, in contrast, is quite humble and modest.

　　該例中supercilious對(duì)許多人來說可能是個(gè)生詞，但是句中短語in contrast，可以提示我們supercilious和后面詞組humble and modest是對(duì)比關(guān)系。分析出這種關(guān)系后，我們便能猜出supercilious意為目空一切的，傲慢的。

　　A good supervisor can recognize instantly the adept workers from the unskilled ones.

　　該句中并未出現(xiàn)上面提到的表示對(duì)比關(guān)系的詞或短語，但是通過上下文可以判斷出句子前后是對(duì)比關(guān)系，即把熟練工人與非熟練工人區(qū)分開。這時(shí)我們也能夠推斷出生詞 adept的詞義熟練的。

　　6)根據(jù)比較關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義

　　同對(duì)比關(guān)系相反，比較關(guān)系表示意義上的相似關(guān)系。

　　例如： Green loves to talk, and his brothers are similarly loquacious.

　　該句中副詞similarly表明短語loves to talk與生詞loquacious之間的比較關(guān)系。以此可以推斷出 loquacious詞義為健談的。 表示比較關(guān)系的詞和短語主要是similarly, like, just as, also等。

　　7)根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義

　　在句子或段落種，若兩個(gè)事物、現(xiàn)象之間構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系，我們可以根據(jù)這種邏輯關(guān)系推知生詞詞義。

　　例如：Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.

　　根據(jù)原因狀語從句的內(nèi)容，我們可以推斷出生詞autocratic指獨(dú)斷專行的。

　　There were so many demonstrators in the Red Square that he had to elbow his way through the crowd.

　　此句為結(jié)果狀語從句。根據(jù)從句的描書許多示威者我們便可推知elbow的詞義為擠，擠過。

　　8)根據(jù)同義詞的替代關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義

　　在句子或段落中，我們可以利用熟悉的詞語，根據(jù)語言環(huán)境推斷生詞詞義。

　　例如：

　　Just before the exam Carls hands shook and sweated so much that he could not hold a pen. His heart beat fast and his stomach ached, even though he knew the subject very well. He really had a strange phobia about taking test.

　　有些學(xué)生也曾有上文中所表述的考試時(shí)是緊張狀態(tài)，所以很容易就能猜出phobia指恐懼癥。

　　2. 外部相關(guān)因素

　　外部相關(guān)因素是指篇章以外的其他知識(shí)。有時(shí)僅靠分析篇章內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系無法猜出詞義。這時(shí),就需要運(yùn)用生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)和普通常識(shí)確定詞義。

　　例如： Husband：its really cold out tonight. Wife: Sure it is. My hands are practically numb. How about lighting the furnace?

　　根據(jù)生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)，天氣寒冷時(shí)，手肯定是凍僵的，凍得麻木的。

　　The snake slithered through the grass.

　　根據(jù)有關(guān)蛇的生活習(xí)性的知識(shí)，我們可以推斷出slither詞義為爬行。

　　3. 單詞構(gòu)詞

　　在猜測(cè)詞義過程中，除了使用上面提到的一些策略，我們還可以依靠構(gòu)詞方面的知識(shí)， 從生詞本身猜測(cè)詞義。

　　1)根據(jù)詞根來猜測(cè)詞義

　　例如：Antidisestablishmentarianism這個(gè)單詞由28個(gè)字母構(gòu)詞，但是利用構(gòu)詞法將單詞拆分，我們可以猜測(cè)其含義。單詞可拆分為 anti-+dis-+establish【disestablish即廢除】+- ment+-arian+-ism，單詞含義即反對(duì)廢除國教制度者主義。

　　2)根據(jù)詞綴猜測(cè)詞義

　　例如：He fell into a ditch and lay there, semiconscious, for a few minutes. 根據(jù)詞根conscious，結(jié)合前綴semi，我們便可猜出semiconscious詞義半清醒的，半昏迷的。Im illiterate about such things. 詞根literate 意為有文化修養(yǎng)的，通曉的，前綴il-表示否定，因此illiterate指 一竅不通，不知道的。

　　Then the vapor may change into droplets.后綴-let表示小的，詞根drop指滴，滴狀物。將兩個(gè)意思結(jié)合起來，便可推斷出droplet詞義小滴，微滴。

　　3)根據(jù)復(fù)合詞的各部分猜測(cè)詞義

　　例如： Growing economic problems were highlighted by a slowdown in oil output. Highlight或許是一個(gè)生詞，但是分析該詞結(jié)構(gòu)后，就能推測(cè)出其含義。它是由 high 和light兩部分組成，合在一起便是以強(qiáng)光照射，使突出 的意思。 Bullfight is very popular in Spain. Bull和fight結(jié)合在一起，指一種在西班牙 頗為流行的體育運(yùn)動(dòng)斗牛。

　　綜上所述，利用各種已知信息推測(cè)、判斷詞義是一項(xiàng)重要的閱讀策略。在實(shí)踐中，我們可以靈活運(yùn)用，綜合運(yùn)用上面提到的幾種猜測(cè)策略，排除生詞的障礙，順利理解文章的思想內(nèi)容，提高閱讀速度。

　　三、猜詞技巧的作用

　　多個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)證明，猜詞技巧的培訓(xùn)能明顯提高英語閱讀水平。猜詞技巧是一種學(xué)習(xí)能力，學(xué)習(xí)者利用猜詞技巧有助于迅速擴(kuò)充詞匯量，增強(qiáng)閱讀興趣，提高閱讀能力。

　　一些考試，尤其是出國考試要求考生掌握大量詞匯，在考試中又會(huì)經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)一些考生沒有見到過的詞匯，而且這些詞匯考生可能很難會(huì)再次碰到。要掌握這些詞匯不太可能，在這種情況下，掌握猜詞技巧就顯得尤為重要。

　　四、猜詞實(shí)戰(zhàn)

　　Thats enough, kids

　　It was a lovely day at the park and Stella Bianchi was enjoying the sunshine with her two children when a young boy, aged about four, approached her two-year-old son and pushed him to the ground.

　　d watched him for a little while and my son was the fourth or fifth child hed shoved, she says. I went over to them, picked up my son, turned to the boy and said, firmly, No, we dont push, What happened next was unexpected.

　　shove

　　首先，我們可以判斷shove是動(dòng)詞，表示動(dòng)作。從上文得知這個(gè)小男孩走到我兩歲兒子前，把他推到了地上，而且我看到他一會(huì)功夫就shove了四五個(gè)孩子。可以推斷出，shove是與push相近的動(dòng)作。

　　屬于根據(jù)同義替代猜詞詞義。

　　The boys mother ran toward me from across the park, Stella says, I thought she was coming over to apologize, but instead she started shouting at me for disciplining her child, All I did was let him know his behavior was unacceptable. Was I supposed to sit back while her kid did whatever he wanted, hurting other children in the process?

　　discipline

　　根據(jù)文中含義，我們可以推知，男孩的母親生氣了，對(duì)我大聲嚷叫，責(zé)怪我discipline教訓(xùn)她的孩子。

　　屬于內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系之根據(jù)同義詞的替代關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義。

　　unacceptable

　　我們非常熟悉accept一詞，又知un-是否定前綴，-able是形容詞后綴，可直接推出unacceptable是不可接受的。

　　屬于構(gòu)詞技巧之根據(jù)前后綴猜詞詞義。

　　Getting your own children to play nice is difficult enough. Dealing with other peoples children has become a minefield.

　　minefield

　　首先，我們已學(xué)mine和field，可以猜測(cè)minefield指雷區(qū)。但是，根據(jù)句意，minefield的本義在這里講不通，又知上一句講到：能讓自己的孩子好好玩就已經(jīng)是件棘手的事了，和其他人的孩子相處就是個(gè)minefield。從邏輯上看，這是個(gè)比較關(guān)系。聯(lián)想minefield的特征，我們可以猜測(cè)到minefield指非常危險(xiǎn)的事情。

　　屬于構(gòu)詞技巧之復(fù)合詞的各部分以及內(nèi)部推理之根據(jù)遞進(jìn)關(guān)系猜詞詞義。

　　In my house, jumping on the sofa is not allowed. In my sisters house its encouraged. For her, its about kids being kids: If you cant do it at three, when can you do it?

　　Each of these philosophies is valid and, it has to be said, my son loves visiting his aunts house. But I find myself saying no a lot when her kids are over at mine. Thats OK between sisters but becomes dangerous territory when youre talking to the children of friends or acquaintances.

　　Kids arent all raised the same, agrees Professor Naomi White of Monash University. But there is still an idea that theyre the property of the parent. We see our children as an extension of ourselves, so if youre saying that my child is behaving inappropriately, then thats somehow a criticism of me.

　　inappropriately

　　Inappropriately為副詞，修飾behave，表示行為如何。由下文a criticism of me可知，inappropriately為貶義詞，我們可猜知是行為不當(dāng)。

　　In those circumstances, its difficult to know whether to approach the child directly or the parent first. There are two schools of thought.

　　d go to the child first, says Andrew Fuller, author of Tricky Kids. Usually a quiet reminder that we dont do that here is enough. Kids nave finely tuned antennae for how to behave in different settings.

　　He points out bringing it up with the parent first may make them feel neglectful, which could cause problems. Of course, approaching the child first can bring its own headaches, too.

　　This is why White recommends that you approach the parents first. Raise your concerns with the parents if theyre there and ask them to deal with it, she says.

　　Asked how to approach a parent in this situation, psychologist Meredith Fuller answers: Explain your needs as well as stressing the importance of the friendship. Preface your remarks with something like: I know youll think Im silly but in my house I dont want

　　preface

　　把Preface按構(gòu)詞法拆分，由前綴pre-和face組成，可以推出preface指在之前。

　　屬于根據(jù)詞根詞綴猜詞詞義。

　　When it comes to situations where youre caring for another child, white is straightforward: common sense must prevail. If things dont go well, then have a chat.

　　Therere a couple of new grey areas. Physical punishment, once accepted from any adult, is no longer appropriate. A new set of considerations has come to the fore as part of the debate about how we handle children.

　　For Andrew Fuller, the child-centric nature of our society has affected everyone: The rules are different now from when todays parents were growing up, he says, Adults are scared of saying: dont swear, or asking a child to stand up on a bus. Theyre worried that there will be conflict if they point these things out either from older children, or their parents.

　　He sees it as a loss of the sense of common public good and public courtesy , and says that adults suffer form it as much as child.

　　Meredith Fuller agrees: A code of conduct is hard to create when youre living in a world in which everyone is exhausted from overwork and lack of sleep, and a world in which nice people are perceived to finish last.

　　exhausted

　　介詞from表示由于，根據(jù)句意，overwork and lack of sleep超時(shí)工作，睡眠不足，導(dǎo)致了exhausted疲倦的。

　　屬于內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系之根據(jù)因果關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義。

　　its about what Im doing and what I need, Andrew Fuller says. the days when a kid came home from school and said, I got into trouble. And dad said, you probably deserved it are over. Now the parents are charging up to the school to have a go at teachers.