Optimists are wiser than their pessimistic peers, and bitterness keeps a person from being wise because they havent learned lessons, Canadian researchers say.

　　加拿大研究人員稱，整日憂心忡忡的人不如那些天性樂觀的人聰明，因為他們無法從讓他們感到痛苦的事情上汲取經驗。

　　Dolores Pushkar, a professor at Concordia University in Montreal, says wisdom and intelligence arent the same thing and she estimates only 5 percent of the population can be described as truly wise.

　　加拿大蒙特利爾市康哥迪亞大學的教授德洛麗絲浦西卡爾稱智慧和智商是兩碼事。據她估計，全世界僅有5%的人稱得上具有真正的智慧。

　　Pushkar and co-authors Andrew Burr, Sarah Etezadi, Tracy Lyster and Sheila Mason say no single definition of wisdom exists, but many agree it involves knowledge, understanding human nature, life contentment, empathy and the flexibility to see issues from others perspectives.

　　浦西卡爾教授和她的同事安德魯波爾，莎拉艾特扎迪，特蕾西李斯特爾，希拉梅森認為真正的智慧無法用單一的概念表述， 它不單指擁有知識，還必須包括具備洞悉人性，知足達觀，悲天憫人和換位思考的能力。

　　Wisdom has an impact on how people cope in situations and whether they are more or less satisfied with life, Etezadi says.

　　艾特扎迪稱智慧決定了一個人決斷問題的方式，也影響著一個人對生活的態度。The researchers say overwhelming and prolonged stress are injustices that can prevent people from garnering wisdom.

　　研究人員表示一個長時間處于壓力之下的人很難獲得智慧。

　　Pushkar says wise people often highlight common sense -- but what makes them different than most is how they follow their own advice.

　　浦西卡爾教授稱智慧的人很注重常識，但真正使他們與眾不同的地方在于他們對于問題有自己的理解和判斷。

　　We found that people who are wiser maintain a sense of happiness, Etezadi says: They are high on wisdom, which has a buffering effect.

　　通過調查我們發現擁有智慧的人都能保持一個健康樂觀的心態，這種心態非常重要，它能起到紓解壓力的作用，艾特扎迪說。

　　Optimists are wiser than their pessimistic peers, and bitterness keeps a person from being wise because they havent learned lessons, Canadian researchers say.

　　加拿大研究人員稱，整日憂心忡忡的人不如那些天性樂觀的人聰明，因為他們無法從讓他們感到痛苦的事情上汲取經驗。

　　Dolores Pushkar, a professor at Concordia University in Montreal, says wisdom and intelligence arent the same thing and she estimates only 5 percent of the population can be described as truly wise.

　　加拿大蒙特利爾市康哥迪亞大學的教授德洛麗絲浦西卡爾稱智慧和智商是兩碼事。據她估計，全世界僅有5%的人稱得上具有真正的智慧。

　　Pushkar and co-authors Andrew Burr, Sarah Etezadi, Tracy Lyster and Sheila Mason say no single definition of wisdom exists, but many agree it involves knowledge, understanding human nature, life contentment, empathy and the flexibility to see issues from others perspectives.

　　浦西卡爾教授和她的同事安德魯波爾，莎拉艾特扎迪，特蕾西李斯特爾，希拉梅森認為真正的智慧無法用單一的概念表述， 它不單指擁有知識，還必須包括具備洞悉人性，知足達觀，悲天憫人和換位思考的能力。

　　Wisdom has an impact on how people cope in situations and whether they are more or less satisfied with life, Etezadi says.

　　艾特扎迪稱智慧決定了一個人決斷問題的方式，也影響著一個人對生活的態度。The researchers say overwhelming and prolonged stress are injustices that can prevent people from garnering wisdom.

　　研究人員表示一個長時間處于壓力之下的人很難獲得智慧。

　　Pushkar says wise people often highlight common sense -- but what makes them different than most is how they follow their own advice.

　　浦西卡爾教授稱智慧的人很注重常識，但真正使他們與眾不同的地方在于他們對于問題有自己的理解和判斷。

　　We found that people who are wiser maintain a sense of happiness, Etezadi says: They are high on wisdom, which has a buffering effect.

　　通過調查我們發現擁有智慧的人都能保持一個健康樂觀的心態，這種心態非常重要，它能起到紓解壓力的作用，艾特扎迪說。